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Charger on dimmer. Charger for a car Charger circuit with current regulation via the primary

The device (see diagram) is based on a triac regulator, with an additionally introduced low-power diode bridge VD1 - VD4 and resistors R3 and R5.

After connecting the device to the network at its positive half-cycle (plus on the top wire in the diagram), capacitor C2 begins to charge through resistor R3, diode VD1 and series-connected resistors R1 and R2. With a negative half-cycle of the network, this capacitor is charged through the same resistors R2 and R1, diode VD2 and resistor R5. In both cases, the capacitor is charged to the same voltage, only the charging polarity changes.

As soon as the voltage on the capacitor reaches the ignition threshold of the neon lamp HL1, it lights up and the capacitor is quickly discharged through the lamp and the control electrode of the smistor VS1. In this case, the triac opens. At the end of the half-cycle, the triac closes. The described process is repeated in each half-cycle of the network.

It is well known, for example, that controlling a thyristor using a short pulse has the disadvantage that with an inductive or high-resistance active load, the anode current of the device may not have time to reach the holding current value during the action of the control pulse. One of the measures to eliminate this drawback is to connect a resistor in parallel with the load.

In the described charger, after turning on the triac VS1, its main current flows not only through the primary winding of transformer T1, but also through one of the resistors - R3 or R5, which, depending on the polarity of the half-cycle of the mains voltage, are alternately connected parallel to the primary winding of the transformer with diodes VD4 and VD3, respectively .

The main unit of the device is transformer T1. It can be made on the basis of a laboratory transformer LATR-2M by insulating its winding (it will be the primary) with three layers of varnish and winding a secondary winding consisting of 80 turns of insulated copper wire with a cross-section of at least 3 mm2, with a tap from the middle. The transformer and rectifier can also be borrowed from a power source of suitable power. When making a transformer yourself, you can use the following calculation method; in this case, they are set by a voltage on the secondary winding of 20 V at a current of 10 A.

Capacitors C1 and C2 - MBM or others for a voltage of at least 400 and 160 V, respectively. Resistors R1 and R2 are SP 1-1 and SPZ-45, respectively. Diodes VD1-VD4 -D226, D226B or KD105B. Neon lamp HL1 – IN-3, IN-ZA; It is very desirable to use a lamp with electrodes of the same design and size - this will ensure symmetry of the current pulses through the primary winding of the transformer.

KD202A diodes can be replaced with any of this series, as well as with D242, D242A or others with an average direct tone of at least 5 A. The diode is placed on a duralumin heat-sinking plate with a useful dissipation surface area of ​​at least 120 cm2. The triac should also be mounted on a heat sink plate with approximately half the surface area. Resistor R6 – PEV-10; it can be replaced with five MLT-2 resistors connected in parallel with a resistance of 110 Ohms.

Automotive electronicsScheme of a desulfating device Scheme of a desulfating device charger devices were proposed by Samundzhi and L. Simeonov. The charger is made using a half-wave rectifier circuit based on diode VI with parametric voltage stabilization (V2) and an amplifier current(V3, V4). The H1 signal light lights up when the transformer is connected to the network. The average charging current of approximately 1.8 A is regulated by selecting resistor R3. The discharge current is set by resistor R1. Secondary voltage winding transformer is 21 V (amplitude value 28 V). The voltage on the battery at the rated charging current is 14 V. Therefore, the charging current of the battery occurs only when the amplitude of the amplifier output voltage current exceeds the battery voltage. During one period of alternating voltage, one pulse is formed charger then during time Ti. The battery discharges during the time T3 = 2Ti. Therefore, the ammeter shows the average importance charger current, equal to approximately one third of the amplitude value of the total charger and discharge currents. You can use the TS-200 transformer from the TV in the charger. The secondary windings are removed from both coils of the transformer and a new winding consisting of 74 turns (37 turns on each coil) is wound with PEV-2 1.5 mm wire. Transistor V4 is mounted on a radiator with an effective surface area of ​​​​approximately 200 cm2. Details: Type VI diodes D242A. D243A, D245A. D305, V2 one or two zener diodes D814A connected in series, V5 type D226: transistors V3 type KT803A, V4 type KT803A or KT808A. When setting up devices...

For the diagram "Determination of the number of turns of transformer windings"

Determining the number of turns of the windings of a transformer, if its type and parameters are not known, is carried out as follows. Using an ohmmeter, determine the location of the terminals of all windings of the transformer. Since the filament winding of the power transformer and the secondary winding of the output transformer have a small number of turns of relatively thick wire, these windings can be distinguished from the network (secondary) winding either by external inspection - by the largest diameter of the leads, if the leads are made with a winding wire, or by the lowest resistance, if It is impossible to determine the winding based on the diameter of the wire. If there are gaps between the coil and the mother wire, an additional winding is wound onto the coil over the windings (possibly with a thin wire), and the more turns, the more accurate the measurement results will be. One of the secondary windings is taken as primary and apply a small (not higher than 5...7 V) alternating voltage to it. Having measured the voltage on each transformer, including the additional one, determine the number of turns of any winding using the formula: where Ui is the voltage on the i-winding; Udon - voltage on the additional winding; (ωadditional - the number of turns of the additional winding. If there is no room on the transformer coil for an additional winding, you can use part of the outer winding. VHF circuit To do this, carefully open the layer of external insulation of the coil to gain access to the last layer of the winding, usually made turn to turn. From end of the winding, count a certain number of turns (ωadd). One voltmeter probe is connected to the end of the winding, with another probe with a needle, piercing the enamel of the last counted turn, measure the alternating voltage Udon on the part of the windings containing (ωadd) turns. primary winding on which the initial voltage drops, any transformer winding can be used...

For the circuit "Simple current regulator of a welding transformer"

An important design feature of any welding machine is the possibility of adjusting the operating current. In industrial devices, different methods of current regulation are used: shunting using chokes of various types, changing the magnetic flux due to the mobility of the windings or magnetic shunting, using stores of active ballast resistances and rheostats. The disadvantages of such adjustment include the complexity of the design, the bulkiness of the resistances, their strong heating during operation, and inconvenience when switching. The best option is to make it with taps while winding the secondary winding and, by switching the number of turns, change the current. However, this method can be used to adjust the current, but not to regulate it over a wide range. In addition, adjustment current in the secondary circuit of a welding transformer is associated with certain problems. Thus, significant currents pass through the regulating device, which leads to its bulkiness, and for the secondary circuit it is almost impossible to select such powerful standard switches that they can withstand a current of up to 200 A. K174KN2 microcircuit Another thing is the circuit primary windings, where the currents are five times less. After a long search through trial and error, the optimal solution to the problem was found - a very popular thyristor regulator, the circuit of which is shown in Fig. 1. With the utmost simplicity and accessibility of the element base, it is easy to manage, does not require settings and has proven itself in operation - it works like a “watch”. Regulation power occurs during periodic shutdown for a fixed period of time primary windings of the welding transformer at each half-cycle current(Fig. 2). Average role current at the same time it decreases. The main elements of the regulator (thyristors) are connected back-to-back and parallel to each other. They are alternately opened by current pulses generated by transistors...

For the circuit "CHARGER FOR STARTER BATTERIES"

Automotive Electronics CHARGER FOR STARTER BATTERIES The simplest charger for automobile and motorcycle batteries, as a rule, consists of a step-down transformer and a full-wave rectifier connected to its secondary. A powerful rheostat is connected in series with the battery to set the required current. However, such a design turns out to be very cumbersome and excessively energy-intensive, and other control methods usually complicate it significantly. In industrial chargers for rectification charger current and changing its value, KU202G thyristors are sometimes used. Circuits on TS106-10 It should be noted here that the forward voltage on the switched-on thyristors at a high charging current can reach 1.5 V. Because of this, they get very hot, and according to the passport, the temperature of the thyristor body should not exceed +85°C. In such devices it is necessary to take measures to limit and stabilize temperature charger current, which leads to their further complication and increase in cost. The relatively simple charger described below has wide control limits - practically from zero to 10 A - and can be used to charge various starter batteries of 12 V batteries. ...

Power supply Rectifiers with an electronic regulator for charging batteries The rectifier (Fig. 1) is assembled using a bridge circuit using four diodes D1 - D4 of type D305. Regulation strength charger current is produced. using a powerful transistor T1 connected according to a compound triode circuit. When the bias removed to the base of the triode from potentiometer R1 changes, the resistance of the collector-emitter circuit of the transistor changes. In this case, the charging current can be changed from 25 mA to 6 A with a voltage at the rectifier output from 1.5 to 14 V. Figure 1 Resistor R2 at the rectifier output allows you to set the output voltage of the rectifier when the load is off. The transformer is assembled on a core with a cross section of 6 cm kvd. The primary winding is designed to be connected to a network with a voltage of 127 V (pins 1-2) or 220 V (1-3) and contains 350+325 turns of PEV 0.35 wire, the secondary winding - 45 turns of PEV 1.5 wire. Power regulator for ts122 25 current up to 10 o transistors T1 and T2 are connected in parallel. The bias to the bases of the transistors, by changing which the charging current is regulated, is removed from the rectifier, made on diodes D5 - D6. When charging 6-volt batteries, the switch is set to position 1, 12-volt batteries - to position 2. Figure 2 The transformer windings contain the following number of turns: la - 328 turns PEV 0.85; 1b - 233 turns PEV 0.63; II - 41+...

For the diagram "Rectifiers with an electronic regulator for charging batteries"

Automotive electronics Rectifiers with an electronic regulator for charging batteries The rectifier (Fig. 1) is assembled using a bridge circuit using four diodes D1 - D4 of type D305. Regulation strength charger current is produced. using a powerful transistor T1 connected according to a compound triode circuit. When the bias removed to the base of the triode from potentiometer R1 changes, the resistance of the collector-emitter circuit of the transistor changes. In this case, the charging current can be changed from 25 mA to 6 A with a voltage at the rectifier output from 1.5 to 14 V. Figure 1 Resistor R2 at the rectifier output allows you to set the output voltage of the rectifier when the load is off. The transformer is assembled on a core with a cross section of 6 cm kvd. The primary winding is designed to be connected to a network with a voltage of 127 V (pins 1-2) or 220 V (1-3) and contains 350+325 turns of PEV 0.35 wire, the secondary winding - 45 turns of PEV 1.5 wire. T160 current regulator circuit Transistor T1 is installed on a metal radiator, the surface area of ​​the radiator must be at least 350 cm2. The surface is taken into account on both sides of the plate with a thickness of at least 3 mm. B. VASILIEV The diagram shown in Fig. 2, differs from the previous one in that with the task of increasing the maximum current up to 10 o transistors T1 and T2 are connected in parallel. The bias to the bases of the transistors, by changing which the charging current is regulated, is removed from the rectifier, made on diodes D5 - D6. When charging 6-volt batteries, the switch is set to position 1, 12-volt batteries - to position 2. Figure 2 The transformer windings contain the following number of turns: la - 328 turns PEV 0.85; 1b - 233 turns PEV 0.6...

For the "Starting charger" circuit

Starting a car engine with a worn-out battery in winter takes a lot of time. The density of the electrolyte after long-term storage decreases significantly; the appearance of coarse-crystalline sulfation increases the internal resistance of the battery, reducing its starting current. In addition, in winter the viscosity of engine oil increases, which requires more starting power from the starting source. There are several ways out of this situation: - heat the oil in the crankcase; - “light up” from another car with a good battery; - push start; - expect warming. - use a starting charger (ROM). The latter option is most preferable when storing the car in a paid parking lot or in a garage where there is a network connection. In addition. ROM will not only allow you to start the car, but also quickly recreate and charge more than one battery. In most industrial ROMs, the starting battery is recharged from a low-power power supply (rated current 3...5 A), which is not enough for direct selection by the car starter Although the capacity The ROM of internal starter batteries is very large (up to 240 Ah), after several starts they still “run out”, and it is impossible to quickly recreate their charge. Drozdov transceiver circuits The mass of such a unit exceeds 200 kg, so it is not easy to roll it up to the car even with two people. The starting charger-recovery device (RZVU), proposed by the Automation and Telemechanics laboratory of the Irkutsk Center for Technical Creativity of Youth, differs from the factory prototype in its low weight and automatically maintains the working condition of the battery, regardless of storage time and time of use. Even in the absence of an internal battery, the PZVU is capable of briefly delivering a starting current of up to 100 A. The regeneration mode is an alternation of pulses of equal duration...

For the circuit "Converter DC 12 V to AC 220 V"

Power supplyConverter of DC voltage 12 V to AC 220 V Anton Stoilov A circuit of a converter of DC voltage 12 V to AC 220 V is proposed, which, when connected to a car battery with a capacity of 44 Ah, can power a 100-watt load for 2-3 hours. It consists of a master oscillator on a symmetrical multivibrator VT1, VT2, loaded on powerful paraphase switches VT3-VT8, switching current in primary winding step-up transformer TV. VD3 and VD4 protect powerful transistors VT7 and VT8 from overvoltages when operating without load. The transformer is made on a magnetic core Ш36х36, windings W1 and W1" each have 28 turns of PEL 2.1, and W2 - 600 turns of PEL 0.59, and W2 is wound first, and W1 is wound on top of it with a double wire (with the goal of achieving symmetry of the half-windings). When adjusting with the RP1 trimmer, minimal distortion of the output voltage waveform is achieved "Radio Television Electronics" N6/98, pp. 12,13....

For the circuit "Charger for 3-6 volt batteries"

The proposed charger is designed for charging with a stable current primarily mining batteries, popularly called “horse racers”. The self-discharge of these batteries is very high. This means that within a month, even without a load, that same battery needs to be charged. The device can be easily modified to charge 12-volt batteries; it is also suitable (without modification) for charging 6-volt batteries. The device circuit is very simple (see figure). The rectifier and transformer are not shown in the diagram. The secondary winding provides a load current of more than 3 A at a voltage of 12 V. Bridge rectifier with D242A diodes, filter capacitor - 2000 μFx50 V (K50-6). Field effect transistor type KP302B (2P302B, KP302BM) with an initial drain current of 20-30 mA. Zener diode VD1 type D818 (D809). Transistor type KT825 with any letter. It can be replaced by a Darlington circuit, for example, KT818A and KT814A, etc. Phase-pulse power regulator on CMOS Resistor R1 type MLT-0.25; resistor R2 type PPZ-14, but completely suitable with graphite coating; R3 - wire (nichrome - 0.056 Ohm/cm). Transistor VT2 is placed on a finned heat sink with a cooling surface of approximately 700 cm. Electrolytic capacitor C1 of any type. Structurally, the circuit is made on a printed circuit board located near the transistor VT2. To charge 12-volt batteries, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of an increase of 6 V in the alternating voltage on the secondary winding network transistor charger devices. This circuit was used in the same way as an attachment to a power supply (an unstabilized voltage source would also work). The advantage of this circuit is that it is not afraid of short circuits at the output, since it is actually a stable current generator. The magnitude of this current depends primarily on the displacement...

For the "BACKUP POWER SUPPLY" scheme

Power supply RESERVE POWER SUPPLY. GUMENYUK, 275100, Ukraine, Chernivtsi region, Kelmentsi village, Zapadnaya str., 5, tel. 2-17-59. Recently, there have been interruptions in the supply of electricity. It happens that in villages the light is supplied 10...12 hours a day, which, of course, causes great inconvenience. To eliminate these inconveniences, I propose a backup power supply system. The 6ST132 starter tractor battery, in the presence of a 220 V network, is charged from a mains rectifier. When the power goes out, the battery powers several 12 Vx40 W lamps (essentially emergency lighting) and a 12 V DC to 220 V AC converter (Fig. 1). Figure 2 shows a rectifier circuit for charging a battery. The charge is adjusted using the biscuit switch S1 by changing the number of turns of the winding. Description of microcircuit 0401 The rectifier provides a charging current of 10...15 A. Transformer T1 can be used by any with an overall power of at least 400 W. The primary winding T1 contains 369+50+50+50+50 turns of wire with a diameter of 0.7 mm. The secondary winding contains 38 turns of wire with a diameter of 3 mm. Diodes of the rectifier bridge VD1...VD4 - any with a permissible direct current of at least 10 A. The load circuit includes an ammeter PA1 with a measurement limit of 20 A. Diodes VD1...VD4 must be installed on a radiator with an area of ​​​​about 100 cm2. I think it would be useful to remind you that the currents flowing in the rectifier are significant, so the wires to the battery and load must have the appropriate cross-section (at least 1 mm2). Another important component of the backup power supply system is the converter constantly...

Under normal operating conditions, the vehicle's electrical system is self-sufficient. We are talking about energy supply - a combination of a generator, a voltage regulator, and a battery works synchronously and ensures uninterrupted power supply to all systems.

This is in theory. In practice, car owners make amendments to this harmonious system. Or the equipment refuses to work in accordance with the established parameters.

For example:

  1. Operating a battery that has exhausted its service life. The battery does not hold a charge
  2. Irregular trips. Prolonged downtime of the car (especially during hibernation) leads to self-discharge of the battery
  3. The car is used for short trips, with frequent stopping and starting of the engine. The battery simply does not have time to recharge
  4. Connecting additional equipment increases the load on the battery. Often leads to increased self-discharge current when the engine is turned off
  5. Extremely low temperature accelerates self-discharge
  6. A faulty fuel system leads to increased load: the car does not start immediately, you have to turn the starter for a long time
  7. A faulty generator or voltage regulator prevents the battery from charging properly. This problem includes worn power wires and poor contact in the charging circuit.
  8. And finally, you forgot to turn off the headlights, lights or music in the car. To completely discharge the battery overnight in the garage, sometimes it is enough to close the door loosely. Interior lighting consumes quite a lot of energy.

Any of the following reasons leads to an unpleasant situation: you need to drive, but the battery is unable to crank the starter. The problem is solved by external recharge: that is, a charger.

It is absolutely easy to assemble it with your own hands. An example of a charger made from an uninterruptible power supply.

Any car charger circuit consists of the following components:

  • Power unit.
  • Current stabilizer.
  • Charge current regulator. Can be manual or automatic.
  • Indicator of current level and (or) charge voltage.
  • Optional - charge control with automatic shutdown.

Any charger, from the simplest to an intelligent machine, consists of the listed elements or a combination thereof.

Simple diagram for a car battery

Normal charge formula as simple as 5 kopecks - the basic battery capacity divided by 10. The charging voltage should be a little more than 14 volts (we are talking about a standard 12 volt starter battery).

Simple principle electrical The car charger circuit consists of three components: power supply, regulator, indicator.

Classic - resistor charger

The power supply is made of two winding “trans” and a diode assembly. The output voltage is selected by the secondary winding. The rectifier is a diode bridge; a stabilizer is not used in this circuit.
The charging current is controlled by a rheostat.

Important! No variable resistors, even those with a ceramic core, will withstand such a load.

Wire rheostat is necessary to counter the main problem with such a scheme - excess power is released in the form of heat. And this happens very intensively.



Of course, the efficiency of such a device tends to zero, and the service life of its components is very low (especially the rheostat). Nevertheless, the scheme exists, and it is quite workable. For emergency charging, if you don’t have ready-made equipment at hand, you can literally assemble it “on your knees.” There are also limitations - a current of more than 5 amperes is the limit for such a circuit. Therefore, you can charge a battery with a capacity of no more than 45 Ah.

DIY charger, details, diagrams - video

Quenching capacitor

The operating principle is shown in the diagram.



Thanks to the reactance of the capacitor included in the primary winding circuit, the charging current can be adjusted. The implementation consists of the same three components - power supply, regulator, indicator (if necessary). The circuit can be configured to charge one type of battery, and then the indicator will not be needed.

If we add one more element - automatic charge control, and also assemble a switch from a whole bank of capacitors - you get a professional charger that remains easy to manufacture.



The charge control and automatic shutdown circuit does not need any comments. The technology has been proven, you can see one of the options in the general diagram. The response threshold is set by variable resistor R4. When the own voltage at the battery terminals reaches the configured level, relay K2 turns off the load. An ammeter acts as an indicator, which stops showing the charge current.

The highlight of the charger– capacitor battery. The peculiarity of circuits with a quenching capacitor is that by adding or decreasing capacitance (simply connecting or removing additional elements) you can adjust the output current. By selecting 4 capacitors for currents of 1A, 2A, 4A and 8A, and switching them with ordinary switches in various combinations, you can adjust the charge current from 1 to 15 A in 1 A steps.

If you are not afraid to hold a soldering iron in your hands, you can assemble a car accessory with continuously adjustable charge current, but without the disadvantages inherent in the resistor classics.



The regulator is not a heat dissipator in the form of a powerful rheostat, but an electronic switch based on a thyristor. The entire power load passes through this semiconductor. This circuit is designed for a current of up to 10 A, that is, it allows you to charge a battery up to 90 Ah without overload.

By adjusting the degree of opening of the junction on transistor VT1 with resistor R5, you ensure smooth and very precise control of the trinistor VS1.

The circuit is reliable, easy to assemble and configure. But there is one condition that prevents such a charger from being included in the list of successful designs. The power of the transformer must provide a threefold reserve of charging current.

That is, for the upper limit of 10 A, the transformer must withstand a continuous load of 450-500 W. A practically implemented scheme will be bulky and heavy. However, if the charger is permanently installed indoors, this is not a problem.

Circuit diagram of a pulse charger for a car battery

All the shortcomings The solutions listed above can be changed to one - the complexity of the assembly. This is the essence of pulse chargers. These circuits have enviable power, heat up little, and have high efficiency. In addition, their compact size and light weight allow you to simply carry them with you in the glove compartment of your car.



The circuit design is understandable to any radio amateur who has an idea of ​​what a PWM generator is. It is assembled on the popular (and completely inexpensive) IR2153 controller. This circuit implements a classic semi-bridge inverter.

With the existing capacitors, the output power is 200 W. This is a lot, but the load can be doubled by replacing the capacitors with 470 µF capacitors. Then it will be possible to charge with a capacity of up to 200 Ah.

The assembled board turned out to be compact and fits into a box 150*40*50 mm. No forced cooling required, but ventilation holes must be provided. If you increase the power to 400 W, power switches VT1 and VT2 should be installed on radiators. They must be taken outside the building.



The power supply from the PC system unit can act as a donor.

Important! When using an AT or ATX power supply, there is a desire to convert the finished circuit into a charger. To implement such an idea, you need a factory power supply circuit.

Therefore, we will simply use the element base. A transformer, inductor and diode assembly (Schottky) as a rectifier are ideal. Everything else: transistors, capacitors and other little things are usually available to the radio amateur in all sorts of boxes. So the charger turns out to be conditionally free.

The video shows and explains how to assemble a pulse charger for a car yourself.

The cost of a factory 300-500 W pulse generator is at least $50 (in equivalent).

Conclusion:

Collect and use. Although it is wiser to keep your battery in good shape.

Compliance with the operating mode of rechargeable batteries, and in particular the charging mode, guarantees their trouble-free operation throughout their entire service life. Batteries are charged with a current, the value of which can be determined by the formula

where I is the average charging current, A., and Q is the nameplate electric capacity of the battery, Ah.

A classic charger for a car battery consists of a step-down transformer, a rectifier and a charging current regulator. Wire rheostats (see Fig. 1) and transistor current stabilizers are used as current regulators.

In both cases, these elements generate significant thermal power, which reduces the efficiency of the charger and increases the likelihood of its failure.

To regulate the charging current, you can use a store of capacitors connected in series with the primary (mains) winding of the transformer and acting as reactances that dampen excess network voltage. A simplified version of such a device is shown in Fig. 2.


In this circuit, thermal (active) power is released only on the diodes VD1-VD4 of the rectifier bridge and the transformer, so the heating of the device is insignificant.

The disadvantage in Fig. 2 is the need to provide a voltage on the secondary winding of the transformer one and a half times greater than the load (~ 18÷20V).

The charger circuit, which provides charging of 12-volt batteries with a current of up to 15 A, and the charging current can be changed from 1 to 15 A in steps of 1 A, is shown in Fig. 3.


It is possible to automatically turn off the device when the battery is fully charged. It is not afraid of short-term short circuits in the load circuit and breaks in it.

Switches Q1 - Q4 can be used to connect various combinations of capacitors and thereby regulate the charging current.

The variable resistor R4 sets the response threshold of K2, which should operate when the voltage at the battery terminals is equal to the voltage of a fully charged battery.

In Fig. Figure 4 shows another charger in which the charging current is smoothly regulated from zero to the maximum value.


The change in current in the load is achieved by adjusting the opening angle of the thyristor VS1. The control unit is made on a unijunction transistor VT1. The value of this current is determined by the position of the variable resistor R5. The maximum battery charging current is 10A, set with an ammeter. The device is provided on the mains and load side with fuses F1 and F2.

A version of the charger printed circuit board (see Fig. 4), 60x75 mm in size, is shown in the following figure:


In the diagram in Fig. 4, the secondary winding of the transformer must be designed for a current three times greater than the charging current, and accordingly, the power of the transformer must also be three times greater than the power consumed by the battery.

This circumstance is a significant drawback of chargers with a current regulator thyristor (thyristor).

Note:

The rectifier bridge diodes VD1-VD4 and the thyristor VS1 must be installed on radiators.

It is possible to significantly reduce power losses in the SCR, and therefore increase the efficiency of the charger, by moving the control element from the circuit of the secondary winding of the transformer to the circuit of the primary winding. such a device is shown in Fig. 5.


In the diagram in Fig. 5 control unit is similar to that used in the previous version of the device. SCR VS1 is included in the diagonal of the rectifier bridge VD1 - VD4. Since the current of the primary winding of the transformer is approximately 10 times less than the charging current, relatively little thermal power is released on the diodes VD1-VD4 and the thyristor VS1 and they do not require installation on radiators. In addition, the use of an SCR in the primary winding circuit of the transformer made it possible to slightly improve the shape of the charging current curve and reduce the value of the current curve shape coefficient (which also leads to an increase in the efficiency of the charger). The disadvantage of this charger is the galvanic connection with the network of elements of the control unit, which must be taken into account when developing a design (for example, use a variable resistor with a plastic axis).

A version of the printed circuit board of the charger in Figure 5, measuring 60x75 mm, is shown in the figure below:


Note:

The rectifier bridge diodes VD5-VD8 must be installed on radiators.

In the charger in Figure 5 there is a diode bridge VD1-VD4 type KTs402 or KTs405 with the letters A, B, C. Zener diode VD3 type KS518, KS522, KS524, or made up of two identical zener diodes with a total stabilization voltage of 16÷24 volts (KS482, D808 , KS510, etc.). Transistor VT1 is unijunction, type KT117A, B, V, G. The diode bridge VD5-VD8 is made up of diodes, with a working current not less than 10 amperes(D242÷D247, etc.). The diodes are installed on radiators with an area of ​​at least 200 sq.cm, and the radiators will become very hot; a fan can be installed in the charger case for ventilation.

Thyristor regulator in the charger.
For a more complete overview of the following material, review the previous articles: And.

♣ These articles say that there are 2 half-wave rectification circuits with two secondary windings, each of which is designed for the full output voltage. The windings operate alternately: one on the positive half-wave, the other on the negative.
Two semiconductor rectifier diodes are used.

♣ Preference for this scheme:

  • - the current load on each winding and each diode is two times less than on a circuit with one winding;
  • - the cross-section of the wire of the two secondary windings can be half as large;
  • - rectifier diodes can be selected for a lower maximum permissible current;
  • - the wires of the windings best cover the magnetic circuit, the magnetic stray field is minimal;
  • - complete symmetry - identity of the secondary windings;

♣ We use such a rectification circuit on a U-shaped core to make an adjustable charger using thyristors.
The two-frame design of the transformer allows this to be done in the best possible way.
In addition, the two half-windings turn out to be exactly the same.

♣ And so, ours exercise: build a device to charge a battery with voltage 6 – 12 volts and smooth regulation of charging current 0 to 5 amperes .
I have already proposed it for production, but the charging current in it is adjusted in stages.
Look in this article at how the transformer was calculated on the Ш - shaped core. These calculated data are also suitable for U-shaped transformer of the same power.

The calculated data from the article is as follows:

  • - transformer power – 100 watt ;
  • - core section – 12 cm square;
  • - rectified voltage - 18 volts;
  • - current - up to 5 amps;
  • - number of turns per 1 volt – 4,2 .

Primary winding:

  • - number of turns – 924 ;
  • - current – 0,45 ampere;
  • - wire diameter – 0,54 mm.

Secondary winding:

  • - number of turns – 72 ;
  • - current – 5 ampere;
  • - wire diameter – 1,8 mm.

♣ We will take these calculated data as the basis for constructing a transformer based on P- shaped core.
Taking into account the recommendations of the above mentioned articles on the manufacture of a transformer using P- shaped core, we will build a rectifier for charging the battery with smoothly adjustable charging current .

The rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. It consists of a transformer TR, thyristors T1 and T2, charging current control circuits, ammeter on 5 - 8 ampere, diode bridge D4 - D7.
Thyristors T1 and T2 simultaneously act as rectifier diodes and as regulators of the charging current.


♣ Transformer Tr consists of a magnetic core and two frames with windings.
The magnetic core can be assembled from either steel P– shaped plates, and from cut ABOUT– a shaped core made of wound steel tape.
Primary winding (220 volt network - 924 turns) divided in half - 462 turns (a – a1) on one frame, 462 turns (b – b1) on another frame.
Secondary winding (at 17 volts) consists of two half-windings (72 turns each) dangles on the first (A - B) and on the second (A1 – B1) frame 72 turns each. Total 144 turn.


Third winding (c - c1 = 36 turns) + (d - d1 = 36 turns) in total 8.5 V +8.5 V = 17 volts serves to power the control circuit and consists of 72 turns of wire. There are 36 turns on one frame (c - c1) and 36 turns on the other frame (d - d1).
The primary winding is wound with a wire with a diameter of - 0.54 mm.
Each secondary half-winding is wound with a wire with a diameter 1.3 mm. rated for current 2,5 ampere
The third winding is wound with a wire diameter 0.1 - 0.3 mm, whatever happens, the current consumption here is small.

♣ Smooth regulation of the rectifier charging current is based on the property of the thyristor to go into the open state according to a pulse arriving at the control electrode. By adjusting the arrival time of the control pulse, it is possible to control the average power passing through the thyristor for each period of alternating electric current.

♣ The given thyristor control circuit works on the principle phase-pulse method.
The control circuit consists of an analogue of a thyristor assembled using transistors Tr1 and Tr2, a temporary chain consisting of a capacitor WITH and resistors R2 and Ry, zener diode D 7 and isolation diodes D1 and D2. The charging current is adjusted using a variable resistor Ry.

AC voltage 17 volts removed from the third winding, straightened by a diode bridge D3 – D6 and has the shape (point No. 1) (in circle No. 1). This is a pulsating voltage of positive polarity with a frequency 100 hertz, changing its value from 0 to 17 volts. Through a resistor R5 voltage is supplied to the zener diode D7 (D814A, D814B or any other on 8 – 12 volts). At the zener diode the voltage is limited to 10 volts and has the form ( point No. 2). Next comes the charge-discharge chain (Ry, R2, C). As the voltage increases from 0, the capacitor begins to charge WITH, through resistors Ry, and R2.
♣ Resistor resistance and capacitor capacity (Ry, R2, C) selected in such a way that the capacitor is charged during one half-cycle of the pulsating voltage. When the voltage across the capacitor reaches its maximum value (point No. 3), from resistors R3 and R4 to the control electrode of a thyristor analogue (transistors Tr1 and Tr2) voltage to open will be supplied. The thyristor analogue will open and the charge of electricity accumulated in the capacitor will be released on the resistor R1. Pulse shape across a resistor R1 shown in circle №4 .
Via isolation diodes D1 and D2 the trigger pulse is applied simultaneously to both control electrodes of the thyristors T1 and T2. The thyristor that is currently receiving a positive half-wave of alternating voltage from the secondary windings of the rectifier opens. (point No. 5).
Changing the resistance of the resistor Ry, we change the time during which the capacitor is fully charged WITH, that is, we change the turn-on time of the thyristors during the action of a half-voltage wave. IN point No. 6 shows the voltage waveform at the rectifier output.
The resistance Ry changes, the time at which the thyristors begin to open changes, and the shape of filling the half-cycle with the current changes (Figure No. 6). The half-cycle fill can be adjusted from 0 to maximum. The entire process of voltage regulation over time is shown in the figure.
♣ All voltage waveform measurements shown in points No. 1 - No. 6 carried out relative to the positive terminal of the rectifier.

Rectifier parts:
- thyristors T1 and T2 - KU 202I-N for 10 amperes. Install each thyristor on a radiator with an area 35 – 40 cm2;
- diodes D1 – D6 D226 or any on current 0.3 ampere and the voltage is higher 50 volts;
- zener diode D7 - D814A - D814G or any other on 8 – 12 volts;
- transistors Tr1 and Tr2 any low-power voltages above 50 volts.
It is necessary to select a pair of transistors with the same power, different conductivities and with equal gain factors (at least 35 - 50 ).
I tested different pairs of transistors: KT814 – KT815, KT816 – KT817; MP26 – KT308, MP113 – MP114.
All options worked well.
- Capacitor 0.15 microfarads;
- Resistor R5 set the power to 1 watt. Other power resistors 0.5 watt.
- The ammeter is designed for current 5 – 8 amperes

♣ Care must be taken when installing the transformer. I advise you to re-read the article. Especially the place where recommendations are given on the phasing of the primary and secondary windings.

You can use the primary winding phasing diagram shown below, as in the figure.



♣ An electric light bulb is connected in series to the primary winding circuit for voltage 220 volt and power 60 watt. this light bulb will serve instead of a fuse.
If the windings are phased wrong, bulb will light up.
If connections are made Right, when the transformer is connected to the network 220 volt the light bulb should flare up and go out.
There must be two voltages at the terminals of the secondary windings 17 volts, together (between A and B) 34 volts.
All installation work must be carried out in compliance with ELECTRICAL SAFETY RULES!

The device with electronic control of the charging current is made on the basis of a thyristor phase-pulse power regulator. It does not contain scarce parts, and if the elements are known to be good, it does not require adjustment.

The charger allows you to charge car batteries with a current from 0 to 10 A, and can also serve as a regulated power source for a powerful low-voltage soldering iron, vulcanizer, or portable lamp. The charging current is similar in shape to pulse current, which is believed to help extend battery life. The device is operational at ambient temperatures from - 35 °C to + 35 °C.

The device diagram is shown in Fig. 2.60.

The charger is a thyristor power regulator with phase-pulse control, powered from winding II of the step-down transformer T1 through the moctVDI + VD4 diode.

The thyristor control unit is made on an analogue of the unijunction transistor VT1, VT2. The time during which capacitor C2 is charged before switching the unijunction transistor can be adjusted with a variable resistor R1. When the engine is in the extreme right position according to the diagram, the charging current will be maximum, and vice versa.

Diode VD5 protects the control circuit of thyristor VS1 from reverse voltage that occurs when the thyristor is turned on.


The charger can later be supplemented with various automatic components (switching off at the end of charging, maintaining normal battery voltage during long-term storage, signaling the correct polarity of the battery connection, protection against output short circuits, etc.).

The disadvantages of the device include fluctuations in the charging current when the voltage of the electric lighting network is unstable.

Like all similar thyristor phase-pulse regulators, the device interferes with radio reception. To combat them, you should provide an LC network filter, similar to that used in switching network power supplies.

Capacitor C2 - K73-11, with a capacity of 0.47 to 1 µF, or. K73-16, K73-17, K42U-2, MBGP.

We will replace the KT361A transistor with KT361B - KT361Ё, KT3107L, KT502V, KT502G, KT501Zh - KT50IK, and KT315L with KT315B + KT315D KT312B, KT3102L, KT503V + KT503G, P307 Instead of KD10 5B suitable diodes KD105V, KD105G or. D226 with any letter index.

Variable resistor R1 - SP-1, SPZ-30a or SPO-1.

A simple charger circuit for a car battery

As is known from the laws of transformer operation, the current in the primary winding, if the transformer is step-down, is less than the current in the secondary winding in relation to the voltage or number of turns of the transformer. I consider a good charger if it is capable of delivering 10A output. At the transformer input there will be 10/(220/15)= 0.7A. Agree, it is easier to control the current if it is smaller. Charger with current control on the primary winding is given below:

The circuit is very simple and does not require adjustment. The bridge diodes in the low-voltage network must be installed on the radiator. Since the KU202N thyristor will be loaded less than 10% on the radiator, there is no point in installing it; it can be installed directly on the printed circuit board. An example of an assembled circuit on a printed circuit board is shown below.

This charger is highly reliable and easy to assemble. The only thing you need to have is a transformer of 200 W or more, although this condition applies to almost all chargers.
This circuit can be used not only for car charging but also for any one that has a transformer...
Also, this circuit can be used for a high-power laboratory source...
Again, if you find a powerful 220/220 transformer, you can get LATR

THINK FOR YOURSELF FOR ITS FURTHER APPLICATION......

Sometimes a radio amateur on the farm needs a simple adjustable source for testing and tuning some equipment, as well as charging batteries that are not capricious to the regime.

A laboratory autotransformer, LATR, which allows you to regulate the input voltage from zero to maximum, is quite suitable for this purpose.

You can purchase an LATR, connect a ready-made rectifier to its output, in the form of a diode bridge and a capacitor, and if a low level of ripple is required, then add a smoothing LC filter.

However, such a source has some disadvantages:

The first drawback can be eliminated by adding an additional transformer isolating from the network, which will lead to an increase in the second drawback.

Somehow I was interested in welding current regulator circuits online and came across this circuit:

The diagram shows that a powerful welding transformer is regulated along the primary winding by counter-connected powerful thyristors VS1, VS2, which form an analogue of a triac. The regulator does not disrupt the operation of the transformer; the variable resistor R7 regulates the opening delay of the thyristors relative to the beginning of the half-cycle of the mains voltage, due to which the adjustment occurs.

This is what the current shape looks like in the primary winding of the transformer:

The regulator circuit can be simplified, while the number of circuit components
decreases:

You can make such a regulator yourself, or you can purchase a ready-made one, since the circuit is identical to commercially available regulators for incandescent lamps - dimmers.

Photo of the dimmer itself:


Let's take a 250W network step-down transformer and assemble a circuit.

It remains to supplement the circuit with a simple rectifier and we get this simple but universal device:

The result was a classic, simple power supply with a function for adjusting the output voltage. This unit can be used to power and configure various designs, as well as to charge car batteries.

This article was sent to me by the author of the channel Blaze Electronics, the article was written based on this video. It will be especially interesting for those who have little understanding of electronics.

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Don’t want to delve into the routine of radio electronics? I recommend paying attention to the proposals of our Chinese friends. For a very reasonable price you can purchase quite high-quality chargers


A simple charger with an LED charging indicator, green battery is charging, red battery is charged.

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This type of charger is capable of automatically charging almost any type of 12V car and motorcycle batteries up to 80A/H. It has a unique charging method in three stages: 1. Constant current charging, 2. Constant voltage charging, 3. Drop charging up to 100%.
There are two indicators on the front panel, the first indicates the voltage and charging percentage, the second indicates the charging current.
Quite a high-quality device for home needs, the price is just RUR 781.96, free delivery. At the time of writing these lines number of orders 1392, grade 4.8 out of 5. Eurofork

Charger for a wide variety of 12-24V battery types with current up to 10A and peak current 12A. Able to charge Helium batteries and SA\SA. The charging technology is the same as the previous one in three stages. The charger is capable of charging both automatically and manually. The panel has an LCD indicator indicating voltage, charging current and charging percentage.

A good device if you need to charge all possible types of batteries of any capacity, up to 150Ah

The price for this miracle 1,625 rubles, delivery is free. At the time of writing these lines, the number 23 orders, grade 4.7 out of 5. When ordering, do not forget to indicate Eurofork

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With uv. Eduard Orlov